Transitions : Moreover, Furthermore, In Addition, Therefore, Consequently

Moreover

• Moreover is usually used to introduce the second of two points that argue for a certain viewpoint. The second item supports and reinforces the claim introduced by the first item. moreover would tend to introduce a new topic linked to and supporting the old one.

Furthermore

•      You can use Furthermore when you want to add another point to a list of two or more items in support of an argument. Furthermore indicates the expansion of an existing idea without introducing new concepts.

In addition

•      In addition tends to be more often used when describing a situation. For example, use in addition to add another action, fact, or the feature to a list that characteristic an object or concept. Unlike moreover and furthermore, in addition is not commonly used for arguing or supporting a viewpoint.

Therefore and Consequently

•      Therefore and Consequently mean as a result or consequence of an incident or event that connecting of two or more point. The second item as a result by first item.

Example

• ·         Billy  is a naughty student, consequently many students avoid him
• ·         My house is a long way from school therefore I will ride my bicycle
• ·         Now is raining hard consequently I can’t  go out tonight
• ·         The store is near from my house therefore I would shop there 
• ·         Grace is a kind and great girl moreover she is beautiful and funny. Many people like her
• ·         I believe that I can complete the marathon in under 3 hours.  Furthermore ,I believe that I can win it
• ·         I will study hard for this test furthermore if I get a good score my father will give me a new handphone
• ·         The song is good. In addition, the lyrics is easy to remember. Therefore I will sing this song
• ·         This dress is make from good material moreoverthis dress is so beautiful and smooth. Therefore this dress so expensive 
• ·         Walking to school Is  good. Furthermore it keeps us healthy and fresh 
• ·         Not many people are interested in watching the drama. Consequently, the committee canceled it.
• ·         The cassava tastes good. Moreover, it is healthy.Therefore, I often eat it.
• ·         We should not eat fast food every day. In addition ,it is expensive.  consequently, it can make us fatter 
• ·         The winter is so cold. Therefore, I wear a shawl
• ·         Not many people are interested   in watching Billy’s drama. Consequently, Billy so sad when know that
• ·         Lucy winning the singing contest . Therefore, she’s very happy now  

Public Service Announcement and Posters

PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT (PSA)

Definition: 
A public service announcement is an advertisement that a television or radio station airs for a cause or a charity. They can tout the importance of medical check-ups for children or ask you to donate to the Salvation Army's bellringers.

Public service announcements are not paid advertising. A broadcaster donates the ad time as part of its commitment to serve the public interest.

You'll typically see public service announcements airing during weaker time slots or on stations with less share of the advertising market than their competitors. Stations tend to use these announcements as fillers during commercial breaks.

Some stations make a decision to devote a certain number of ad slots to PSAs, particularly for a campaign that has local impact. In a city with a high teenage pregnancy rate, a Top 40 radio station that is top-ranked with a young audience could air announcements on abstinence or birth control throughout its broadcast day.

While stations have a government mandate to serve the public interest, they are under no requirement to run general PSAs. If a station has a paid commercial to run in a 30 second slot, that ad will get priority over a non-paid announcement.

Example:

10 Second SPOT

WE COME FROM ALL WALKS OF LIFE, BUT WE TRAVEL DOWN THE SAME ROAD. LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS, www.arkansasabate.org

15 SECOND SPOT

ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS ARE AT RISK FOR A POTENTIALLY DEADLY DISEASE CALLED MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS (PRONOUNCED MEN-IN-JO-KOK-UL MEN-IN-JI-TIS).

IMMUNIZATION AND GOOD HYGIENE MAY HELP PREVENT MOST CASES.  ASK YOUR DOCTOR ABOUT NEW RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VACCINATION.

FOR MORE INFORMATION, VISIT W-W-W- DOT-N-M-A-U-S-DOT-O-R-G.

30 SECOND SPOT

DID YOU KNOW THAT ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS ARE AT INCREASED RISK FOR A POTENTIALLY DEADLY DISEASE CALLED MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS (PRONOUNCED MEN-IN-JO-KOK-UL MEN-IN-JI-TIS)?

NEW VACCINATION RECOMMENDATIONS HAVE RECENTLY BEEN APPROVED  FOR TEENS AND COLLEGE STUDENTS WHO ARE AT AN INCREASED RISK FOR CONTRACTING THIS DISEASE.  IMMUNIZATION AND GOOD HYGIENE MAY HELP PREVENT MOST CASES IN TEENS AND YOUNG ADULTS. 

TALK TO YOUR CHILD’S DOCTOR ABOUT IMMUNIZATION OR VISIT W-W-W- DOT-N-M-A-U-S-DOT-O-R-G.

60 SECOND SPOT

DID YOU KNOW THAT ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS ARE AT INCREASED RISK FOR A POTENTIALLY DEADLY DISEASE CALLED MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS (PRONOUNCED MEN-IN-JO-KOK-UL MEN-IN-JI-TIS)?

IN FACT, ONE IN FOUR TEENS INFECTED MAY DIE.  ANOTHER 20 PERCENT SUFFER PERMANENT DISABILITIES INCLUDING ORGAN DAMAGE AND LIMB AMPUTATIONS.  

NEW VACCINATION RECOMMENDATIONS HAVE RECENTLY BEEN APPROVED  FOR TEENS AND COLLEGE STUDENTS WHO ARE AT AN INCREASED RISK FOR CONTRACTING THIS DISEASE.  IMMUNIZATION AND GOOD HYGIENE MAY HELP PREVENT MOST CASES IN TEENS AND YOUNG ADULTS. 

TALK TO YOUR CHILD’S DOCTOR ABOUT IMMUNIZATION OR VISIT W-W-W- DOT-N-M-A-U-S-DOT-O-R-G.

   

POSTER

Poster is a  placard or intended for posting in a public place, as for adversiting.

Example Poster:

Indefinite Pronouns

An indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It is vague and "not definite". Some typical indefinite pronouns are:

• all, another, any, anybody/anyone, anything, each, everybody/everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody/someone

Most indefinite pronouns are either singular or plural. However, some of them can be singular in one context and plural in another. The most common indefinite pronouns are listed below, with examples, as singular, plural or singular/plural.

Notice that a singular pronoun takes a singular verb AND that any personal pronoun should also agree(in number and gender). Look at these examples:

• Each of the players has a doctor.
• I met two girls. One has given me her phone number.

Similarly, plural pronouns need plural agreement:

• Many have expressed their views.

pronoun	meaning	example
singular
another	an additional or different person or thing	That ice-cream was good. Can I haveanother?
anybody/anyone	no matter what person	Can anyone answer this question?
anything	no matter what thing	The doctor needs to know if you have eaten anything in the last two hours.
each	every one of two or more people or things, seen separately	Each has his own thoughts.
either	one or the other of two people or things	Do you want tea or coffee? / I don't mind. Either is good for me.
enough	as much or as many as needed	Enough is enough.
everybody/everyone	all people	We can start the meeting becauseeverybody has arrived.
everything	all things	They have no house or possessions. They lost everything in the earthquake.
less	a smaller amount	"Less is more" (Mies van der Rohe)
little	a small amount	Little is known about his early life.
much	a large amount	Much has happend since we met.
neither	not one and not the other of two people or things	I keep telling Jack and Jill but neitherbelieves me.
nobody/no-one	no person	I phoned many times but nobodyanswered.
nothing	no single thing, not anything	If you don't know the answer it's best to say nothing.
one	an unidentified person	Can one smoke here? | All the students arrived but now one is missing.
other	a different person or thing from one already mentioned	One was tall and the other was short.
somebody/someone	an unspecified or unknown person	Clearly somebody murdered him. It was not suicide.
something	an unspecified or unknown thing	Listen! I just heard something! What could it be?
you	an unidentified person (informal)	And you can see why.
plural
both	two people or things, seen together	John likes coffee but not tea. I thinkboth are good.
few	a small number of people or things	Few have ever disobeyed him and lived.
fewer	a reduced number of people or things	Fewer are smoking these days.
many	a large number of people or things	Many have come already.
others	other people; not us	I'm sure that others have tried before us.
several	more than two but not many	They all complained and several left the meeting.
they	people in general (informal)	They say that vegetables are good for you.
singular or plural
all	the whole quantity of something or of some things or people	All is forgiven. All have arrived.
any	no matter how much or how many	Is any left? Are any coming?
more	a greater quantity of something; a greater number of people or things	There is more over there. More are coming.
most	the majority; nearly all	Most is lost. Most have refused.
none	not any; no person or persons	They fixed the water so why is nonecoming out of the tap? I invited five friends but none have come.*
some	an unspecified quantity of something; an unspecified number of people or things	Here is some. Some have arrived.
such	of the type already mentioned	He was a foreigner and he felt that he was treated as such.

* Some people say that "none" should always take a singular verb, even when talking about countable nouns (eg five friends). They argue that "none" means "no one", and "one" is obviously singular. They say that "I invited five friends but none has come" is correct and "I invited five friends but none have come" is incorrect. Historically and grammatically there is little to support this view. "None" has been used for hundreds of years with both a singular and a plural verb, according to the context and the emphasis required.

So, Too, Either, Neither

SOO AND TOO

"So" and "too" are useful words that can make your sentences shorter but stronger. The examples here show them used with conjunctions, but there are many applications for these words. Examples: I went to a movie, and my friend did, too. or I went to a movie, and so did my friend. Pay attention to word order. "Too" goes at the end of the sentence, and "so" goes after the conjunction, then the helping verb, and then the subject. When two situations are the same, you could write a sentence like this: I like to eat pizza, and my children like to eat pizza. But this is better: I like to eat pizza, and my children do, too. or I like to eat pizza, and so do my children.

Here are some more Example:

He likes to cook, and she does, too. or He likes to cook, and so does she.
Bobby went swimming yesterday, and so did Tom. or Bobby went swimming yesterday, and Tom did, too.
He has gotten all wet, and she has, too. or He has gotten all wet, and so hasshe.

EITHER AND NEITHER

"Either" and "neither" are used in almost the same way as "so" and "too," but they are used with negative verbs. Examples: I didn't get enough to eat, and you didn't either. or I didn't get enough to eat, and neither did you. Pay attention to word order. "Either" goes at the end of the sentence after the negative helping verb, and "neither" goes after the conjunction, then the helping verb, and then the subject. It's important to notice that words following "neither" are not negative. You shouldn't use double negatives in English. When two situations are the same, you could write a sentence like this: William doesn't work there, and John doesn't work there. But this is better: William doesn't work there, and John doesn't either. or William doesn't work there, and neither does John.

Either and Neither

"Either" and "neither" are used in almost the same way as "so" and "too," but they are used with negative verbs. Examples: I didn't get enough to eat, and you didn't either. or I didn't get enough to eat, and neither did you. Pay attention to word order. "Either" goes at the end of the sentence after the negative helping verb, and "neither" goes after the conjunction, then the helping verb, and then the subject. It's important to notice that words following "neither" are not negative. You shouldn't use double negatives in English. When two situations are the same, you could write a sentence like this: William doesn't work there, and John doesn't work there. But this is better: William doesn't work there, and John doesn't either. or William doesn't work there, and neither does John.

Here are some more Example:

Mary doesn't want to wake Tom up, and Christine doesn't either. or Mary doesn't want to wake Tom up, and neither does Christine.
He's not very good at painting walls, and she isn't either. or He's not very good at painting walls, and neither is she.
She can't wait until the baby is born, and he can't either. * or She can't wait unitl the baby is born, and neither can he.

Weather Report and Tables/Graphs

Weather Report

The text is a weather report or weather forecast in spoken  form. A weather report is a prediction of weather.

Weather report usually find in a newspaper, on the radio or television.

The weather is predicted through application of the principles of physics and meteorologi.

Expressions used in a weather report :

ØA high of twenty degrees.

ØA low of -25.

Ø20 percent chance of snow.

ØMainly sunny.

ØSunny with cloudy periods.

Ørecord high/low.

ØAbove/below average temperatures.

ØA few flurries.

Ø5-day forecast.

ØTemperatures are going to drop/dip/plunge (go down quickly).

ØTemperatures are going to rise/soar/climb (go up quickly).

ØA warm/cold front is moving in (air from another region is arriving).

Name Of Wether :

Sunny  

Warm  

Hot

Mild    

Cold  

Freezing

Cloudy    

Foggy  

Smoggy

Rainy  

Wet  

Dry

Windy    

Snow  

Thunder

Mist    

Blizzard  

Fog

Hurricane  

Overcast  

Breeze

Weather report text :

  

Welcome to the Five O’clock News. My name is Margaret. I’m going to give you the

three-day weather forecast for Los Angeles.

The weather is unusually wet today. Heavy rain and snow may cause serious flooding.

The clouds are going to go away tomorrow. The day after tomorrow should be clear and

sunny.

Table and Graph

Table

Each table present facts and figures in compact form.

When we reading a table, there are several things that we need to pay atention to. They are, the table title, row or column labels, information given in individual cells and information given within rows and columns.

example table :

Graph

 Graphs is a visual, concise means of presenting information.

There are three basic kinds of graphs, they are Bar graphs, Line Graphs, and circle graphs or pie graphs.

Example Graph:

 

Warning

Warning is cautionary advice about something imminent (especially imminent danger or other unpleasantness)
Example Warning:

Expressing Satisfaction and Disatisfaction

Expressing Satisfaction

When we would express satisfaction with one's work, we can use the expression:

     * Well done!
     * Great! Good work
     * I am satisfied with your work
     * You did well
     * Your job is satisfactory
     * I am so happy about this
     * I'm glad to what you've done
     * It's really satisfying

Expressing Disatisfaction

When we would express dissatisfaction with one's work, we can use:

     * I'm not satisfied with work
     * You have not done well enough
     * I am really dissappointed
     * Sorry, but your work is not satisfactory
     * Oh, no!
     * It's not very nice
     * It's really not good enough

Expressing Pain,Relief,and Pleasure

* Expressing Pain
when we get sick, we must feel pain on part of our body. When we get an accident, and we get injured because of it, we must feel pain. 

some expression of pain :
- its very painful. I can’t stand it.
- the pain hurts me very much.
- that’s hurts!-Oh, my headache!
- my back pains me.
- I’m not feeling well.
- I have a bad cough.
- I feel terrible.
- I’m really sick.
- I can no longer stand.
We can also add it with some interjection, such as : Oh!, Ouch! and Aw!

* Expressing Relief When we have problem and we can solve it, we will feel relief. In other situation, when we feel worried about something that we will face it, we will also feel relief. a relief is lessening or ending of pain and worry.

for example :
- What a relief!
- That’s a relief!
- I’m very relieved to hear that (it)
- I’m glad everything’s running well.
- I’m glad it’s done.
- thank God for that.
- Thank goodness.
- thank heaveness.
- Oh, good!
- Oh, marvelous!, etc.

* Ekspressing Pleasure (happiness)People express their happiness when they get good news or special thing.
for example :
- I’m delighted.
- It’s very delighted.
- I’m pleased.
- I’m happy (for)…
- I’m glad.
- Great!
- It’s wonderful.
- How marvelous!
- fantastic!
- It’s a great pleasure!, etc.

the example of the dialogue :
A collision with b..
A : Oh my God. It hurts me so much. Be careful boy! Ahhh.., I’m getting head aches..
B : I’m so sorry, Sir. I’m in a hurry. I don’t accidentally. Are you Ok Sir??
A : I thought, I would die because of you. But, Doesn’t matter. Other times you have to be careful.
B : Yes, Sir..I’m sorry..Are you Mr. A??
A : How do you know me?? Have we met before??
B : No, we haven’t. I just ever saw you in a hotel when you were having a meeting, there. Nice to meet you Sir.
A : owh,I see.. Nice to meet you,too. What’s your name??
B : My name’s B. Where will you go?
A : I’ll go to the bus stop and go to the hospital. and u??
B : I’ll collect my task to my lecture. What for you go there, sir??
A : My wife is childbearing our first baby, I’m so worry about it.
B : don’t worry, sir, All will be fine. I’m sure.
(A’s cellphone is ringing.)
A : really?? Thank you very much, I can’t say how pleased I’m..
B : what’s the news sir??
A : my wife has childbeared, I have a son. That’s fantastic!!! Thanks God for that.
B : Really?? It’s a great pleasure. Thanks goodness. Congratulation.
A : ya, thank you so much. I’m glad everything’s running well. Aha! That’s the bus, i’m sorry, I must go now. I hope, you’ll graduate with the best score.
B : yes sir, Thanks. Be careful, and see you.
A : see you.

The Gerunds

GERUND is the “continuous form of a verb”.

Definition:A traditional grammatical term for a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. Adjective: gerundial.
A gerund (also known as an -ing form) with its objects, complements, and modifiers is called a gerund phrase or simply a noun phraseA gerund is that form of the verb which ends in –ing and has the force of a noun and a verb. 

Read these examples of gerunds:
Since Francisco was five years old, swimming has been his passion.
Swimming = subject of the verb has been.
Francisco's first love is swimming.
Swimming = subject complement of the verb is.
Francisco enjoys swimming more than spending time with his girlfriend Diana.
Swimming = direct object of the verb enjoys.
Francisco gives swimming all of his energy and time.
Swimming = indirect object of the verb gives.
When Francisco wore dive fins to class, everyone knew that he was devoted to swimming.
Swimming = object of the preposition to.


1. A gerund is used as the subject of a verb.Examples: • Smoking is prohibited here.
• Reading improves your knowledge.
• Running behind a running-car is dangerous.
• Walking alone is what he likes the most.
• Buying vegetables in that market is a difficult affair.
• Following others is not advisable.
You can easily see that the subjects in all these sentences are in gerund forms.


2. A gerund is used as an object of a verb.Examples:• Begin reading the book.
• I like going for a walk.
• They prefer buying online rather offline.


3. Object of a preposition.Examples:• My neighbor is good at breeding dogs.
• I am fond of eating sweets.
• Before entering the room, please remove your foot-wear.